Tree Biomass Estimation in Karst Forest of West Papua, Indonesia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
摘要
Indonesia is estimated to have 14,5 million hectares of karst areas. The characteristic of karst vegetation is specific, one of which is the dominance of small trees. With all of the potency, their vegetation acts as a significant carbon sequester and store it in biomass. This study aims to estimate and discuss biomass estimation in the karst forest within the Nature Recreational Park of Beriat, a protected area in South Sorong, West Papua. A total of 28 plots were made in the forest using the purposive random sampling method. Tree biomass (DBH ≥10 cm) was estimated using five different allometric equations. The results showed that the biomass was estimated at ca. 264 Mg ha-1 (95 % CI: 135-454 Mg ha-1). While small trees (DBH 10 – 30 cm) only contribute 30 % of the total biomass, about 38 % of the biomass is the contribution of large trees (DBH >50 cm), where Pometia pinnata contributes ca. 39 % of the biomass at plot-level. The use of various allometric equations results in different biomass estimates and biases with deviations ranged from -14.78 % to +17.02 % compared to the reference equation. Therefore, the selection of allometric equations used must be considered carefully to reduce uncertainties in biomass estimation.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##submission.copyrightStatement##
##submission.license.cc.by-nc4.footer##Copyright and License
All articles published in Wasian Journal are the property of the authors. By submitting an article to Wasian Journal, authors agree to the following terms:
-
Copyright Ownership: The author(s) retain copyright and full publishing rights without restrictions. Authors grant the journal the right to publish the work first and to distribute it as open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
-
Licensing: Articles published in Wasian Journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows others to share, copy, and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided that proper credit is given to the original author(s) and the source of the material
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. -
Author's Rights: Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and greater citation of published work.
-
Third-Party Content: If your article contains material (e.g., images, tables, or figures) for which you do not hold copyright, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder to use the material in your article. This permission must include the right for you to grant the journal the rights described above.
-
Reprints and Distribution: Authors have the right to distribute the final published version of their work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), provided that the original publication in Wasian Journal is acknowledged.
For the reader you are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rightsmay limit how you use the material.
Adema, F., Leenhouts, P. W., & van Welzen, P. C. (1994). Flora Malesiana: Sapindaceae (Vol. 11, part 3). Leiden: Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus.
Aponte, C., García, L. V., & Marañón, T. (2013). Tree species effects on nutrient cycling and soil biota: A feedback mechanism favouring species coexistence. Forest Ecology and Management, 309, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.035
Bastin, J. -F., Barbier, N., Réjou-Méchain, M., Fayolle, A., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Maniatis, D., Haulleville, T. de, Baya, F., Beeckman, H., Beina, D., Couteron, P., Chuyong, G., Dauby, G., Doucet, J.-L., Droissart, V., Dufrêne, M., Ewango, C., Gillet, J. F., Gonmadje, C. H., Hart, T., Kavali, T., Kenfack, D., Libalah, M., Malhi, Y., Makana, J. -R., Pélissier, R., Ploton, P., Serckx, A., Sonké, B., Stevart, T., Thomas, D. W., Cannière, C.D., & Bogaert, J.. (2015). Seeing Central African forests through their largest trees. Scientific Reports, 5, srep13156. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13156
Bastin, J. -F., Rutishauser, E., Kellner, J. R., Saatchi, S., Pélissier, R., Hérault, B., Slik, J. W. F., Bogaert, J., Cannière, C. D., Marshall, A. R., Alvarez, P., Andrade, A., Angbonga, A., Araujo, A., Arroyo, L., Ayyappan, N., de Azevedo, C. P., Banki, O., Barbier, N., Barroso, J. G., Beeckman, H., Bitariho, R., Boeckx, P., Boehning, K., Brandão, H., Brearley, F. Q., Hockemba, M. B. N., Brienen, R., Camargo, J. L. C., Campos-Arceiz, A., Cassart, B., Chave, J., Chazdon, R., Chuyong, G., Clark, D. B., Clark, C. J., Condit, R., Coronado, E. N. H., Davidar, P., de Haulleville, T., Descroix, L., Doucet, L., Dourdain, A., Droissart, V., Duncan, T., Espejo, J. S., Espinosa, S., Farwig, N., Fayolle, A., Feldpausch, T. R., Ferraz, A., Fletcher, C., Gajapersad, K., Gillet, F., Gonmadje, C., Grogan, J., Harris, D., Herzog, S. K., Homeier, J., Hubau, W., Hubbell, S. P., Hufkens, K., Hurtado, J., Kamdem, N. G., Kearsley, E., Kenfack, D., Kessler, M., Labrière, N., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S., Laurance, W. F., Lewis, S. L., Libalah, M. B., Ligot, G., Lloyd, J., Lovejoy, T. E., Malhi, Y., Marimon, B. S., Junior, B. H. M., Martin, E. H., Matius, P., Meyer, V., Bautista, C. M., Monteagudo, A., Mtui, A., Neill, D., Gutierrez, G. A. P., Pardo, G., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Phillips, O. L., Pitman, N. C. A., Ploton, P., Ponette, Q., Ramesh, B. R., Razafimahaimodison, C., & Réjou, M. (2018). Pan‐tropical prediction of forest structure from the largest trees. Global Ecology and Biogeography,
(11), 1366–1383. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12803
Basuki, T. M., van Laake, P. E., Skidmore, A. K., & Hussin, Y. A. (2009). Allometric equations for estimating the above-ground biomass in tropical lowland Dipterocarp forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(8), 1684–1694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.027
BBKSDA Papua Barat. (2016). Buku Informasi Kawasan Konservasi Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Papua Barat. Sorong, Papua Barat: Balai Besar KSDA Papua Barat.
Boyle, B., Hopkins, N., Lu, Z., Raygoza Garay, J. A., Mozzherin, D., Rees, T., Matasci, N., Narro, M. L., Piel, W. H., Mckay, S.J., Lowry, S., Freeland, C., Peet, R. K., & Enquist, B. J. (2013). The taxonomic name resolution service: An online tool for automated standardization of plant names. BMC Bioinformatics, 14, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-14-16
Brown, S. (1997). Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests: A Primer. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Diakses dari http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4095E/w4095e00.htm#Contents
Canty, A., & Ripley, B. (2019). boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) function. Diakses dari https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/boot/boot.pdf
Chave, J., Réjou-Méchain, M., Búrquez, A., Chidumayo, E., Colgan, M. S., Delitti, W. B. C., Duque, A., Eid, T., Fearnside, P. M., Goodman, R. C., Henry, M., Martínez-Yrízar, A., Mugasha, W. A., Muller-Landau, H. C., Mencuccini, M., Nelson, B. W., Ngomanda, A., Nogueira, E. M., Ortiz-Malavassi, E., Pélissier, R., Ploton, P., Ryan, C. M., Saldarriaga, J. G., & Vieilledent, G. (2014). Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees. Global Change Biology, 20(10), 3177–3190. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12629
Chave, J., Coomes, D., Jansen, S., Lewis, S. L., Swenson, N. G., & Zanne, A. E. (2009). Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecology Letters, 12(4), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x
Clements, R., Sodhi, N. S., Schilthuizen, M., & Ng, P. K. L. (2006). Limestone karsts of Southeast Asia: Imperiled arks of biodiversity. BioScience, 56(9), 733. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[733:LKOSAI]2.0.CO;2
Destri, Mutaqien, Z., & Rozak, A. H. (2020). Posisi gaharu dalam struktur komunitas hutan dan penurunan potensinya di Papua Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea, 9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2020.vol9iss1pp1-12
DiCiccio, T. J., & Efron, B. (1996). Bootstrap confidence intervals. Statistical Science, 11(3), 189–212.
Fauset, S., Johnson, M. O., Gloor, M., Baker, T. R., M, A. M., Brienen, R. J. W., Feldpausch, T. R., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Malhi, Y., ter Steege, H., Pitman, N. C. A., Baraloto, C., Engel, J., Pétronelli, P., Andrade, A., Camargo, J. L. C., Laurance, S. G. W., Laurance, W. F., Chave, J., Allie, E., Vargas, P. N., Terborgh, J. W., Ruokolainen, K., Silveira, M., C, G. A. A., Arroyo, L., Bonal, D., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Araujo-Murakami, A., Neill, D., Hérault, B., Dourdain, A., Torres-Lezama, A., Marimon, B. S., Salomão, R. P., Comiskey, J. A., Réjou-Méchain, M., Toledo, M., Licona, J. C., Alarcón, A., Prieto, A., Rudas, A., van der Meer, P. J., Killeen, T. J., Marimon Junior, B. -H., Poorter, L., Boot, R. G. A., Stergios, B., Torre, E. V., Costa, F. R. C., Levis, C., Schietti, J., Souza, P., Groot, N., Arets, E., Moscoso, V. C., Castro, W., Coronado, E. N. H., Peña-Claros, M., Stahl, C., Barroso, J., Talbot, J., Vieira, I. C. G., van der Heijden, G., Thomas, R., Vos, V. A., Almeida, E. C., Davila, E. Á., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Erwin, T. L., Morandi, P. S., de Oliveira, E. A., Valadão, M. B. X., Zagt, R. J., van der Hout, P., Loayza, P. A., Pipoly, J. J., Wang, O., Alexiades, M., Cerón, C. E., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Di Fiore, A., Peacock, J., Camacho, N. C. P., Umetsu, R. K., de Camargo, P. B., Burnham, R. J., Herrera, R., Quesada, C. A., Stropp, J., Vieira, S. A., Steininger, M., Rodríguez, C. R., Restrepo, Z., Muelbert, A. E., Lewis, S. L., Pickavance, G. C., & Phillips, O. L. (2015). Hyperdominance in Amazonian forest carbon cycling. Nature Communications, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7857
Feldpausch, T. R., Lloyd, J., Lewis, S. L., Brienen, R. J. W., Gloor, M., Monteagudo Mendoza, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Banin, L., Abu Salim, K., Affum-Baffoe, K., Alexiades, M., Almeida, S., Amaral, I., Andrade, A., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Araujo Murakami, A., Arets, E. J. M. M., Arroyo, L., Aymard C., G. A., Baker, T. R., Bánki, O. S., Berry, N. J., Cardozo, N., Chave, J., Comiskey, J. A., Alvarez, E., de Oliveira, A., Di Fiore, A., Djagbletey, G., Domingues, T. F., Erwin, T. L., Fearnside, P. M., França, M. B., Freitas, M. A., Higuchi, N., E. Honorio C., Iida, Y., Jiménez, E., Kassim, A. R., Killeen, T.J., Laurance, W. F., Lovett, J. C., Malhi, Y., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B. H., Lenza, E., Marshall, A.R., Mendoza, C., Metcalfe, D. J., Mitchard, E. T. A., Neill, D.A., Nelson, B.W., Nilus, R., Nogueira, E.M., Parada, A., Peh, K.S.-H., Pena Cruz, A., Peñuela, M.C., Pitman, N.C.A., Prieto, A., Quesada, C.A., Ramírez, F., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Reitsma, J.M., Rudas, A., Saiz, G., Salomão, R.P., Schwarz, M., Silva, N., Silva-Espejo, J.E., Silveira, M., Sonké, B., Stropp, J., Taedoumg, H.E., Tan, S., ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J., Torello-Raventos, M., van der Heijden, G.M.F., Vásquez, R., Vilanova, E., Vos, V.A., White, L., Willcock, S., Woell, H., & Phillips, O.L. (2012). Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates. Biogeosciences, 9(8), 3381–3403. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3381-2012
Gaudio, N., Gendre, X., Saudreau, M., Seigner, V., & Balandier, P. (2017). Impact of tree canopy on thermal and radiative microclimates in a mixed temperate forest: A new statistical method to analyse hourly temporal dynamics. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 237, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.02.010
Jacobs, M. (1962). Pometia (Sapindacear), a study in variability. Reinwardtia, 6(2), 109–144.
Jamnadass, R., McMullin, S., Iiyama, M., Dawson, I.K., Powell, B., Termote, C., Ickowitz, A., Kehlenbeck, K., Vinceti, B., van Vliet, N., Keding, G., Stadlmayr, B., van Damme, P., Carsan, S., Sunderland, T., Njenga, M., Gyao, A., Cerutti, P., Schure, J., Kouame, C., Obiri, B.O., Ofori, D., Agarwal, B., Neufeldt, H., Degrande, A., & Serban, A. (2015). Understanding the roles of forests and tree-based systems in food provision, dalam Vira, B., Wildburger, C., & Mansourian, S. (eds.), Forests, trees and landscapes for food security and nutritions: A global assessment report (p. 172). Vienna, Austria: IUFRO. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0085.01
Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R.M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Pongratz, J., Manning, A.C., Korsbakken, J.I., Peters, G.P., Canadell, J.G., Jackson, R.B., Boden, T.A., Tans, P.P., Andrews, O.D., Arora, V.K., Bakker, D.C.E., Barbero, L., Becker, M., Betts, R.A., Bopp, L., Chevallier, F., Chini, L.P., Ciais, P., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J., Currie, K., Gasser, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Haverd, V., Houghton, R.A., Hunt, C.W., Hurtt, G., Ilyina, T., Jain, A.K., Kato, E., Kautz, M., Keeling, R.F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lienert, S., Lima, I., Lombardozzi, D., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Monteiro, P.M.S., Munro, D.R., Nabel, J.E.M.S., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Padin, X.A., Peregon, A., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Reimer, J., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Skjelvan, I., Stocker, B.D., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tubiello, F.N., Laan-Luijkx, I.T. van der, Werf, G.R. van der, Heuven, S. van, Viovy, N., Vuichard, N., Walker, A.P., Watson, A.J., Wiltshire, A.J., Zaehle, S., & Zhu, D. (2018). Global carbon budget 2017. Earth System Science Data, 10(1), 405–448. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-405-2018
Lindenmayer, D. B., Laurance, W. F., & Franklin, J. F. (2012). Global decline in large old trees. Science, 338(6112), 1305–1306. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1231070
Lindenmayer, D.B., Laurance, W.F., Franklin, J.F., Likens, G.E., Banks, S.C., Blanchard, W., Gibbons, P., Ikin, K., Blair, D., McBurney, L., Manning, A.D., & Stein, J.A.R. (2014). New policies for old trees: Averting a global crisis in a keystone ecological structure. Conservation Letters, 7(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12013
Lutz, J.A., Furniss, T.J., Johnson, D.J., Davies, S.J., Allen, D., Alonso, A., Anderson‐Teixeira, K.J., Andrade, A., Baltzer, J., Becker, K.M.L., Blomdahl, E.M., Bourg, N.A., Bunyavejchewin, S., Burslem, D.F.R.P., Cansler, C.A., Cao, K., Cao, M., Cárdenas, D., Chang, L.-W., Chao, K.-J., Chao, W.-C., Chiang, J.-M., Chu, C., Chuyong, G.B., Clay, K., Condit, R., Cordell, S., Dattaraja, H.S., Duque, A., Ewango, C.E.N., Fischer, G.A., Fletcher, C., Freund, J.A., Giardina, C., Germain, S.J., Gilbert, G.S., Hao, Z., Hart, T., Hau, B.C.H., He, F., Hector, A., Howe, R.W., Hsieh, C.-F., Hu, Y.-H., Hubbell, S.P., Inman‐Narahari, F.M., Itoh, A., Janík, D., Kassim, A.R., Kenfack, D., Korte, L., Král, K., Larson, A.J., Li, Y., Lin, Y., Liu, S., Lum, S., Ma, K., Makana, J.-R., Malhi, Y., McMahon, S.M., McShea, W.J., Memiaghe, H.R., Mi, X., Morecroft, M., Musili, P.M., Myers, J.A., Novotny, V., Oliveira, A. de, Ong, P., Orwig, D.A., Ostertag, R., Parker, G.G., Patankar, R., Phillips, R.P., Reynolds, G., Sack, L., Song, G.-Z.M., Su, S.-H., Sukumar, R., Sun, I.-F., Suresh, H.S., Swanson, M.E., Tan, S., Thomas, D.W., Thompson, J., Uriarte, M., Valencia, R., Vicentini, A., Vrška, T., Wang, X., Weiblen, G.D., Wolf, A., Wu, S.-H., Xu, H., Yamakura, T., Yap, S., & Zimmerman, J.K. (2018). Global importance of large-diameter trees. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 27(7), 849–864. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12747
Marwiyati. (2012). Ekologi vegetasi dan etnobotani kawasan karst Gunung Cibodas, Ciampea, Bogor. Skripsi tidak diterbitkan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia. Diakses dari https://repository.ipb.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/60605/1/G12mar.pdf
Nugroho, H., Riyanto, A., Wiantoro, S., Santika, Y., & Irham, M. (Eds.). (2019). Ekspedisi Tambrauw: Sepotong surga di tanah Papua. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Diakses dari http://penerbit.lipi.go.id/data/naskah1570087725.
Pan, Y., Birdsey, R.A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P.E., Kurz, W.A., Phillips, O.L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S.L., Canadell, J.G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R.B., Pacala, S.W., McGuire, A.D., Piao, S., Rautiainen, A., Sitch, S., & Hayes, D. (2011). A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science, 333(6045), 988–993. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609
Pearson, T., Walker, S., & Brown, S. (2005). Sourcebook for land use, land-use change and forestry projects. Washington D.C.: Winrock International.
Pertiwi, W., Bahri, S., Rokhim, S., & Firdhausi, N. F. (2020). Keanekaragaman dan kemerataan jenis Collembola gua di kawasan karst Malang Selatan. Biotropic: The Journal of Tropical Biology, 4(2), 6.
R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Diakses dari https://www.R-project.org/
Ranlund, Å. (2011). Structure and tree diversity of lowland limestone forest on Seram Island, Indonesia. Thesis tidak diterbitkan, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Diakses dari https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/3720/1/ranlund_a_111220.pdf
Réjou‐Méchain, M., Tanguy, A., Piponiot, C., Chave, J., & Hérault, B. (2017). biomass: An r package for estimating above-ground biomass and its uncertainty in tropical forests. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8(9), 1163–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12753
Rozak, A. H., Mutaqien, Z., & Destri. (2021). Biomass estimation of eaglewood (Aquilaria filaria (Oken) Merr.) in the karst ecosystem of West Papua. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 6(1), 59221. https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.59221
Rozak, A. H., Rutishauser, E., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., & Sist, P. (2018). The imprint of logging on tropical forest carbon stocks: A Bornean case-study. Forest Ecology and Management, 417, 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.03.007
Rozak, A. H., Astutik, S., Mutaqien, Z., Widyatmoko, D., & Sulistyawati, E. (2017). Hiperdominansi jenis dan biomassa pohon di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan, 11(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.22146/jik.24903
RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. Boston, USA: RStudio PBC. Diakses dari http://www.rstudio.com/
Rutishauser, E., Noor’an, F., Laumonier, Y., Halperin, J., Rufi’ie, Hergoualc’h, K., Verchot, L. (2013). Generic allometric models including height best estimate forest biomass and carbon stocks in Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management, 307, 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.013
Setiawan, A., Supriono, B., & Iskandar, S. (2018). Identifikasi keanekaragaman jenis fauna di Gua Garunggang. Jurnal Nusa Sylva, 18(2), 62–72.
Slik, J. W. F. (2006). Estimating species-specific wood density from the genus average in Indonesian trees. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 22(04), 481. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467406003324
Slik, J.W.F., Paoli, G., McGuire, K., Amaral, I., Barroso, J., Bastian, M., Blanc, L., Bongers, F., Boundja, P., Clark, C., Collins, M., Dauby, G., Ding, Y., Doucet, J.-L., Eler, E., Ferreira, L., Forshed, O., Fredriksson, G., Gillet, J.-F., Harris, D., Leal, M., Laumonier, Y., Malhi, Y., Mansor, A., Martin, E., Miyamoto, K., Araujo-Murakami, A., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Nurtjahya, E., Oliveira, Á., Onrizal, O., Parada-Gutierrez, A., Permana, A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Reitsma, J., Rovero, F., Rozak, A., Sheil, D., Silva-Espejo, J., Silveira, M., Spironelo, W., ter Steege, H., Stevart, T., Navarro-Aguilar, G.E., Sunderland, T., Suzuki, E., Tang, J., Theilade, I., van der Heijden, G., van Valkenburg, J., Van Do, T., Vilanova, E., Vos, V., Wich, S., Wöll, H., Yoneda, T., Zang, R., Zhang, M.-G., & Zweifel, N. (2013). Large trees drive forest aboveground biomass variation in moist lowland forests across the tropics. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22(12), 1261–1271. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12092
Stas, S. M., Rutishauser, E., Chave, J., Anten, N. P. R., & Laumonier, Y. (2017). Estimating the aboveground biomass in an old secondary forest on limestone in the Moluccas, Indonesia: Comparing locally developed versus existing allometric models. Forest Ecology and Management, 389, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.010
Suhendar, A. S., Yani, E., & Widodo, P. (2018). Analisis vegetasi kawasan karst Gombong Selatan Kebumen Jawa Tengah. Scripta Biologica, 5(1), 37–40. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.sb.2018.5.1.639
Syachrir, M., Subaedah, St., & Parawansa, A. K. (2018). Analisis komposisi jenis dan potensi simpanan karbon pada ekosistem karst di Resort Tondong Tallasa Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung. Jurnal Agrotek, 2(2), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.33096/agrotek.v2i2.61
Tamasuki, K., Wijayanti, F., & Fitriana, N. (2016). Komunitas kelelawar (Ordo Chiroptera) di beberapa gua karst Gunung Kendeng Kabupaten Pati Jawa Tengah. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 8(2), 88–100. https://doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v8i2.2694
Uhlig, H. (1980). Man and tropical karst in Southeast Asia: Geo-ecological differentiation, land use and rural development potentials in Indonesia and other Regions. GeoJournal, 4(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00586753
Veress, M. (2020). Karst types and their karstification. Journal of Earth Science, 31(3), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1306-x
Vermeulen, J. J., & Whitten, T. (1999). Biodiversity And Cultural Property In The Management Of Limestone Resources: Lessons From East Asia. Washington, D.C: World Bank.
Wickham, H. (2009). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis [R]. New York: Springer-Verlag. Diakses dari https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387981413
Widiyanti, P., & Kusmana, C. (2014). Komposisi jenis dan struktur vegetasi pada kawasan karst Gunung Bodas, Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 5(2), 69–76.
Zaenal, M. S., Tiryana, T., & Muhdin. (2020). Model alometrik untuk estimasi biomassa pohon pada hutan lahan kering sekunder di Halmahera Timur. Jurnal Wasian, 7(2), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.20886/jwas.v7i2.5948
Zanne, A.E., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Coomes, D.A., Ilic, J., Jansen, S., Lewis, S.L., Miller, R.B., Swenson, N.G., Wiemann, M.C., & Chave, J. (2009). Data from: Towards a Worldwide Wood Economics Spectrum. Dryad Digital Repository. Diakses dari https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234
